Bases for protection against radiation and conventional hazards. You may encounter other types of rf radiation hazard signs, depending on the situation. The higher the radiation dose, the greater the chance of developing cancer. Some people are more likely to develop cancer from radiation exposure than. How to reduce radiation risk international medcom, inc. Tikhonov professor and director, central research institute for rontgenology and radiology, leningrad, ussr jointly sponsored. This type of eruption, called a coronal mass ejection, or cme, is sometimes followed by a wave of highenergy particles that can be dangerous to astronauts and electronics outside the protection of earths magnetic system and atmosphere. Knowledge of radiation hazards, radiation protection practices and clinical profile of health workers in a teaching hospital in northern.
Food and drug administration fda notes that studies reporting biological changes associated with radiofrequency radiation have failed to be replicated and that the majority of human epidemiologic studies have failed to show a relationship between exposure to radiofrequency radiation from cell phones and health problems. Radiation hazards an external radiation field that is hazardous is relatively easy to detect and monitor. Health hazards of radiation an unprotected person in the accident place may in a short time receive such a great radiation dose that it has an immediate effect on the persons health. Common sense and some basic information can greatly reduce radiation exposure and risk for most people. It strips away electrons from atoms breaks some chemical bonds. Apr 29, 2016 ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. Safety and health topics ionizing radiation hazards. Electromagnetic waves are not simply waves, but have a dual nature. When the beta particle is slowed down or stopped, secondary x radiation known as bremsstrahlung may be produced. Ensure that radiation hazard warning signs are available and posted. Occupational hazards among medical radiation workers prince ameh ogenyi, andrew england 1, yusuf aliyu, joseph dlama, ahmed hamza, roswita hamunyela 2, maikudi dauda 3. Guidelines on prevention of radiation hazards for workers.
Richard vetter, professor of radiobiology and radiation protection at mayo. Aug 17, 2012 one rad is equal to the radiation necessary to deposit energy of 100 ergs in 1 g of irradiated material 100ergsg. Data has shown that a wholebody averaged sar of 4 wkg is acceptable, and subsequently the standard was set at 0. Background radiation is what we receive naturally from the earth and cosmic sources. Light, radio, and microwaves are types of radiation that are called nonionizing. Doses, radiation hazards are primarily stochastic rather than.
Navy professionals are very safety conscious and, as a result, the number of accidents that occur on the job is small. Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through space and may be able to penetrate various materials in its path. Occupational health related concerns among surgeons. Additionally, the amount of radiation exposure from dental radiographs depends. The centers for disease control and prevention cdc has prepared this fact sheet to help you understand the possible health effects to you r fetus from exposure to radiation. When the risk of ionizing radiation to humans is discussed, the calculated unit. When we think of radiation we may immediately think of only dangerous and harmful things. Regulation on prevention of ionizing radiation hazards ministry of labour order no. People are exposed to natural sources of ionizing radiation, such as in soil, water, and vegetation, as well as in humanmade sources, such as xrays and medical devices. Radiation is the transfer of energy through space from an emitting source. Radiation hazards in pregnancy and methods of prevention. Nonionizing radiation is essential to life, but excessive exposures will cause tissue damage.
The kind of radiation discussed in this document is called ionizing radiation because it can produce charged particles ions in. The prevalence of abnormal clinical findings was very low among the participants in this study, this is reassuring and it elucidates the importance of a functional occupational health service in radiation hazards prevention in addition to providing baseline information for ascertaining development of diseases related to occupational exposure to. The radiation dose is measured in terms of roentgen, it is the quantity of xrays or gamma radiation which produces one electrostatic unit in one c. Their main duty is to ensure that work is carried out without hazard to the health of the people involved. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Although occupational hazards can include musculoskeletal conditions, psychosocial stress, radiation exposure, and the risk of communicable diseases, sharps injuries remain the most common among surgeons in practice and the most frequent route of transmission of bloodborne pathogens. Static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields cdcpdf external monograph by the international agency for research on cancer iarc monographs, volume 80 2002 this risk assessment is part of a highlyrespected international program to evaluate all carcinogens. Radiation safety access resources designed to assist you in providing effective imaging and therapy while minimizing the risk during exposure to ionizing radiation. All forms of ionizing radiation have sufficient energy to ionize atoms that may destabilize molecules within cells and lead to tissue damage. Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures. Some examples of radiation include sunlight, radio waves, xrays, heat, alpha, beta, gamma ionizing radiation, and infrared, just to name a few. Outdoor ultraviolet radiation hazards and protection. On radiation protection in hospitals and general practice volume 3 xray diagnosis b. Ionizing radiation is a feature of the environment and an important tool in medical treatment, but it can cause serious damage to organisms.
Cdc emf electric and magnetic fields niosh workplace. Nonionizing radiation has less energy than ionizing radiation. Radiation nonionizing ionizing low radio microwave infrared visible uv uv alpha frequency frequency beta a b c gamma xray largewavelength smallwavelength lowfrequency highfrequency figure 18. It can come from unstable atoms or it can be produced by. Cell phones and cancer risk fact sheet national cancer. Department of health and human services hhs, centers for disease control and prevention cdc provides additional information about the differences between radiation exposure and radioactive contamination on its. Pdf occupational hazards among medical radiation workers. Ionizing radiation is used to generate electric power, treat cancer, take xrays, and disinfect medical instruments. In the management of radiation exposure, it is important to ensure that the appropriate balance is maintained between the risks posed and the benefits derived by both individuals and society in general. Knowledge of radiation hazards, radiation protection. Report of the statewide program for radiation protection in the use of dental.
In larger organizations, the control of radiation hazards is the responsibility of specialists known as health physicists or, sometimes, health chemists. This section provides information on controlling ionizing radiation hazards and preventing dose. Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the international atomic energy agency iaea as the protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this. When is the hazard from direct sunlight at its worst. There are international agreements on the reporting of radiation and nuclear accidents. Because of the ubiquity of occupational hazards, injuries remain prevalent and expensive. This lesson is about the causes and types of radiation hazards and about. In developing an appropriate approach to radiation safety, the first step is to understand the magnitude of the doses and the risks. The hazards of radiation information about imminent danger of radiation to finland would be received already before it would be necessary for the general public to seek shelter. Ionizing radiation ionizing radiationradiation with so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms. The chance of developing cancer, not the seriousness of the cancer, increases as the radiation dose increases. When we have been in the sun too long our body usually tells us it. On average, half of human exposure to radiation is from natural, background radiation.
In reality, the word radiation refers to any transfer of energy through space from a source. It consists of ionizing radiation or nonionizing radiation. Low level radioactivity includes radiation released from the routine operation of the worlds 433 nuclear power plants, plus leaks and accidents, nuclear fuel recycling, uranium mining and other related activities. Radiation is energy in the form of waves of particles. Act on prevention of radiation hazards due to radioisotopes.
In this weeks tail gate safety topic, we discuss what radiation is, its hazards, and what you should know if you work where radiation is used. Radiation safety is a major concern in this modern era of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology. Ionizing radiation can affect the atoms in living things, so it poses a health risk by damaging tissue and dna in genes. The term of radiation hazards is connected to the hazardous levels of ionizing radiation. Radiation health effects radiation protection us epa. A long solar filament erupted into space on april 2829, 2015.
Not all of these types of radiation are harmful, in fact, in. Here is some basic information to help you minimize your dose and risk. Airborne dust occupational and environmental health department of protection of the human environment. The study includes investiga tion of electromagnetic radiation from highvoltage electric lines in inhabited areas in an urban. The incidence of malignancy in pregnancy is low and most commonly occurs in breast, gynaecological, skin and haematological sites. Safety and health topics ionizing radiation control and. Mar 21, 2017 act on prevention of radiation hazards due to radioisotopes, etc. These hazards result from high levels of rf radiation, xray emissions, the necessity of working aloft, and the generation of extremely high voltages. The exposure of a fetus to radiation is referred to. Objectives of radiation protection the international commission of radiation protection icrp stated that the overall objectives of radiation protection is to provide an appropriate standard of protection for man without unduly limiting the beneficial practices giving rise to radiation exposure. Radiation is a form of energy derived from a source that is propagated through material in space. A radiation safety interlock system is a device that automatically shuts off or reduces the radiation emission rate from radiationproducing equipment gamma or xray equipment or accelerator. Radiation hazards an overview sciencedirect topics. Aug 01, 2016 assessment of baseline knowledge of radiation hazards and radiation protection practices of special groups at risk is essential in designing appropriate strategies for the prevention of unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation not only among health workers but their patients also.
Beta radiation beta emitters are internal radiation hazards when taken inside the body. All personnel should observe rf radiation hazard radhaz warning signs figure 417 that point out the existence of rf radiation hazards in a specific location or area. The most common malignancies are breast, skin including melanoma, gynaecological uterine, cervix and ovarian and haematological treating pregnant women with cancer involves balancing the care of the mother, whilst ensuring the health of the foetus. Engineering controls such as improvement of ventilation, partial isolation of the contamination source, installation of negative pressure and separate ventilation and airconditioning system e. A number of protective measures and standards of protection have been proposed to protect against. Ionizing radiation has many beneficial applications, including uses. Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination. Apr 29, 2018 radiation is a form of energy derived from a source that is propagated through material in space. The exposure of a fetus to radiation is referred to as prenatal radiation exposure. Prevention of ionizing radiation hazards ministry of labour ordinance no. An incident is defined by osha as an exposure of the whole body of any individual to 25 rems or more of radiation. How to protect astronauts from space radiation on mars nasa. Ionizing radiation can damage living tissue in the human body. The purpose of a radiation safety interlock system is to prevent worker exposure and injury from high radiation levels.
This fact sheet lists the sources of outdoor uvr exposure and discusses why personal protective measures are important year round, not just in the summer months. There are two forms of radiation nonionizing and ionizing which will be discussed in sections 3. Beta particles can be stopped by the walls of a room or by a sheet of plastic about 1. Safety and health topics ionizing radiation hazards and. Manual on radiation protection in hospitals and general practice, 5 vols. Society for radiation protection and a regular contributor to the german monthly publication.
Act on prevention of radiation hazards due to radioisotopes, etc. Radiation sources are found in a wide range of occupational settings. One rad is equal to the radiation necessary to deposit energy of 100 ergs in 1 g of irradiated material 100ergsg. Radiation hazards and its effects on human bodyhealth hazards, prevention. Safety and health topics radiation occupational safety. Safety and health topics ionizing radiation control. Many people think radiation is some type of chemical or gas. Cancers caused by radiation do not appear until years after the radiation exposure. Keane principal physicist, medical physics department, royal sussex county hospital, brighton, england k. Radiation hazards n protection linkedin slideshare.
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